Management: Definition, Fields, and Processes with Complete Examples

The term "management" is probably a very familiar word to you. Management is a broad scope and is usually accompanied by other words, for example, time management, conflict management, management trainee, financial management, and so forth. Based on Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), management is defined as the effective use of resources.

For example, the word management is combined with the word finance. That means, financial management defined as the use of resources (funding and attributes inherent in it, such as investment, return, risks, etc.) effectively.

WellYou probably already know the basic use of the word management which is often associated with organizing activities. But do you know theoretically the meaning and concept of management?

Actually anything hell functions and objectives of management in an organization? What are the processes carried out by management in an organization? A person who wants to study management can major in management. What do Management majors usually study? The following is a complete explanation related to management, namely discussing the definition of management, management objectives, management processes, manager level, management field, management course major.

Definition of Management

According to Jones, GR, George, JM, & Hill, CW (2000), management is the activity of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling human resources to achieve the goals of an organization effectively and efficiently.

Organization is a group of people who work together and in the process coordinate together to achieve certain goals. Someone who carries out management activities can be said to be a manager.

Manager is a person who is responsible for supervising (control and supervision) and ensuring that the organization can achieve their goals with the available resources.

Organizational resources in question are assets such as human resources and their skill, knowledge, and experience they have. Then, other resources include raw materials, information and technology, patents, financial capital, loyal consumers and workers, and so on.

Management Goals

The most important function and purpose of management is for organizations to achieve their goals effectively and efficiently. The most common goal of an organization is to satisfy consumers and stakeholder.

Effectiveness according to Jones, GR, George, JM, & Hill, CW (2000) is defined as a measure of the suitability of goals that an organization sets so that the company can achieve these goals.

Organization said effective is an organization that can choose a goal that suits them and is able to achieve that goal. Meanwhile, efficiency is a measure of how productively resources can be used to achieve company goals.

A company is said to be an efficient company when it can minimize input resources or minimize production/distribution time to obtain output superior. To be able to achieve these goals, companies need to carry out management processes and be assisted by teams from various management fields.

Process Management

The definition of process management is some process or task that management performs to be able to achieve organizational goals. The management process consists of 5 main activities, namely planning, organizing, staffing, leadingand controlling. The following is an understanding of 5 management processes along with actual examples, which might give you a deeper picture related to the management process.

Schedule

Planning or planning is a task in which a person identifies and selects goals and actions that can be taken to achieve the stated goals. Action planning aims to develop strategies so that the company can achieve good performance. The three steps involved in the planning process are:

1. Deciding which goals the company will pursue.
2. Determine what strategies to achieve these goals
3. Decide how to allocate the company's resources well to achieve the goals that have been set.

Examples of activities planning is a company that has a target for event ticket sales of 1000 tickets. The company currently only sells 500 tickets. For this reason, the company plans a strategy for procurement of campaigns, promotions through instagram ads, as well Search Engine Marketing (SEM) to increase ticket sales.

Organizing

The process of organizing or organizing is an activity to organize existing resources so that members of the organization can work together to achieve common goals. The results of this organizing activity include the company's organizational structure. Organizational structure is a formal system that regulates relationships for assigning tasks, reporting, and responsibilities from each member of the organization so that they are motivated to work together. 

The organizational structure owned by the organization will vary depending on the needs and types of activities and businesses carried out by an organization.

An example of this management process is that a press organization decides to reorganize its organizational structure with several daily administrators (chairman, secretary, treasurer, and head of divisions) as well as division members who support the organization's activities. The press organization has divisions including the editorial division (divided into print and digital media), media, human resources, as well as the marketing division.

staffing

staffing is an activity that is closely related to human resource management. Process management staffing Its activities include determining recruitment requirements, conducting the recruitment process, selecting candidates, providing training and development, determining performance standards, evaluating, providing counseling, and compensate employees. Examples of activities staffing is part of the human resources of an organization carrying out the process interview as one of the stages of selection of job candidates.

Leading

Leading is the activity of setting clear goals, providing strength, and finding ways so that organizational members can understand their duties and responsibilities in achieving organizational goals. From this understanding, it can be concluded that leading is not just about commanding team members.

An example of a leading activity is a leader from a photography organization participating in helping and providing support to the media division (and other divisions) who want to work on a production work program. zine by always giving reminder for those who want Submit Photograph. 

Controlling

Control activities or controlling is a management process that evaluates how well companies can achieve their goals. For example, in an organization a weekly meeting is held to provide a report on what each member has done during the week and what activities will be carried out the following week. 

Management Level

To carry out the management process properly, the company will have an organizational structure. You must have often seen that the organizational structure of the company usually has a level for each position. An organization usually has 3 levels of management, namely ffirst-line managers, middle managersand top managers.

First-line managers usually referred to as a supervisor. First-line managers is the manager who is responsible for the daily supervision and control of non-managerial workers. Non-managerial workers can be defined as employees who do not supervise anyone and directly execute the tasks they have.

Middle managers is the manager in charge of supervising first-line managers. Other than that, middle managers also responsible for helping first-line managers and workers to find ways for better resource allocation and ways to improve worker performance to be more efficient.

Top managers are managers who are in charge of setting the main objectives of the company, determining how each department or division interacts, and overseeing the performance of the company middle managers.

Management Field

Some of you may already be very familiar with some of the fields in management. 

Financial management (Financial Management)

Financial management is an activity or process that occurs in an organization related to the management of funds. The tasks of financial management include managing cash coming in and out of the company, evaluating investments (profitable or not), managing risk management, financial statement analysis, and so forth.

Financial management has an important role for the survival of the company, if you are not careful in making decisions about funding. Companies can suffer losses and even experience the risk of bankruptcy.

Marketing Management (Marketing Management)

Marketing management or marketing management is one of the areas of management that is growing so rapidly today. Marketing Management or marketing management is the activity of identifying, creating, building an instrument or product attribute so that consumers become aware, buy, and obtain satisfaction from the company's products.

The task of marketing management is not only related to promotional activities, but marketing management will also conduct market research, competitor analysis, product attribute planning (through 4P marketing strategies), and so on.

Operation management (Operations Management)

Operations management is the management tasked with ensuring that the production and distribution process of the product runs smoothly until it reaches the consumer.

In operations management maybe you will be acquainted with the term value chain. Value chains is a set of activities that a company undertakes to deliver products to consumers. Operations management will act to optimize value chain This is to be effective and efficient so that it is increasingly profitable for the company. 

Human Resource Management (Human Resource Management)

Human resource management activities are activities to plan, recruit, develop, provide welfare, and maintain workers in an organization so that organizational goals can be achieved. Human resource management activities are classified as having a broad scope.

The duties of human resource management include recruiting workers, providing compensation, evaluating performance, training, giving reward and punishment, expatriate management, negotiations with trade unions, preventing turn over workers, and so on

Strategic Management (Strategic Management)

This management may be a management field that is less popular when compared to other management fields. Even so, this strategic management is very important loh for the survival of an organization.

Strategic management is a field of management that discusses activities in planning and deciding all kinds of actions that need to be taken by members of the organization so that the company can achieve its vision and mission.

Management as a Science and Lecture Department

Jones, GR, George, JM, & Hill, CW (2000) explained that managerial skills are very much needed, especially in today's highly dynamic and complex work situations. Learning about management will enable one to be able to make decisions efficiently and ethically. Many universities in Indonesia offer study programs or management majors for their prospective students.

Management majors from universities in Indonesia are included in the realm of Socio Humanities, which means that management is one of the social sciences. What management courses do you study? Studying management will lead you to learn about various fields of management.

At the beginning of the semester, students will usually meet introductory courses from various fields of management. You can learn about marketing, finance, human resources, and so on. 

In addition, you can also learn introductory material that is usually given by all students of the economics faculty, such as an introduction to accounting and an introduction to economics. After a few semesters, you will be given the option to choose one of the various management fields to prepare you for your final project.

Management is an umbrella word that has a very broad scope. Management is an essential thing for an organization because if there is no management, then an organization will not achieve their goals.

Well, that was a variety of information about the meaning, objectives, processes, levels, and areas of management. Are you interested in learning more about management?

Reference:

Jones, GR, George, JM, & Hill, CW (2000). Contemporary management. Boston, MA: Irwin/McGraw-Hill.

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